Enfgineers have long been trying to copy the human brain, and the latest effort is to build a dedicated neural network computer, using the latest “quantum” technology rather than AI software.

The human brain is in many ways more powerful than the world’s most advanced computers. Today, artificial neural networks inspired by the structure of the brain are used to tackle some of the most difficult problems in artificial intelligence (AI). But this approach typically involves building software so information is processed in a similar way to the brain, rather than creating hardware that mimics neurons.

Michael Hartmann, Associate Professor of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, and a visiting faculty researcher at Google AI Quantum, is leading a team of scientists that hope to build the first dedicated neural network computer, using the latest “quantum” technology rather than AI software. By combining these two branches of computing, they hope to produce a breakthrough which leads to AI that operates at unprecedented speed, automatically making very complex decisions in a very short time.

AI requires training in order to get things done. And the performance of the AI software strongly depends on how much input data it can be trained on.

Hartmann's "Quromorphic" project aims to radically speed up this process and boost the amount of input data that can be processed by building neural networks that work on the principles of quantum mechanics. These networks will not be coded in software, but directly built in hardware made of superconducting electrical circuits. The researchers expect that this will make it easier to scale them up without errors.

Quantum computers store data in “qubits”, which can take on many different states. Every extra qubit added to the system doubles its computing power. This means that quantum computers can process huge amounts of data in parallel (at the same time).

So far, only small quantum computers that demonstrate parts of the technology have been successfully built. Motivated by the prospect of significantly greater processing power, many universities, tech giants and start-up companies are now working on designs. But none have yet reached a stage where they can outperform existing (non-quantum) computers.

This is because quantum computers need to be very well isolated from disturbances in their surroundings, which becomes harder and harder as the machines get bigger. For example, quantum processors need to be kept in a vacuum at a very cold temperature (close to absolute zero) otherwise they could be affected by air molecules striking them. But the processor also needs to be connected to the outside world somehow in order to communicate.

The technical challenges Hartmann's Quromorphic project are very similar to those for building a universal quantum computer that can be used for any application. But the scientists hope that AI applications can tolerate more errors than conventional computing and so the machine won’t need to be quite so well isolated.

"For example, AI is often used to classify data, such as deciding whether a picture shows a car or a bicycle. It doesn’t need to fully capture every detail of the object to make that decision. So while AI needs high computer speeds it doesn’t demand such high levels of precision. For this reason, we hope that makes AI an ideal field for near-term quantum computing," Hartmann says.

The Quromorphic project will involve demonstrating the principles involved with a quantum neural network. To put the technology to its full use will involve creating larger devices, a process that may take ten years or more as many technical details need to be very precisely controlled to avoid computational errors. "But once we have shown that quantum neural networks can be more powerful than classical AI software in a real world application, it would very quickly become some of the most important technology out there," Hartmann says.